Adverb clause

ADVERB CLAUSE

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Adverbial Clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.

5. Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case, dll.

Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
• He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
• I am working night and day in the hope that I can finish this book soon.

6. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

Contoh:

• The Smiths had so many children that they formed their own baseball team.
• I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one.

Contoh:

• He has invested so much money in the project that he cannot abandon it now.
• The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

Contoh:

• It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. ATAU It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
• It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. ATAU It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.

Contoh:

• She has such exceptional abilities that everyone is jealous of her.
• They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
• Perry has had such bad luck that he's decided not to gamble.
• This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.

Di samping itu, untuk mengungkapkan hubungan cause and effect (sebab dan akibat) dapat digunakan pola lain, yaitu:

1.       Menggunakan Preposition (kata depan) seperti because of, due to, due to the fact that, dll

Contoh:

• Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home because of the cold weather)
• Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the cold weather)
• Due to the fact that the weather was cold, we stayed home. (=We stayed home due to the fact that the weather was cold)

2.       Menggunakan kata penghubung (conjunction) seperti because, since, now, that, as, as long as, inasmuch as

Contoh:

• Because he was sleepy, he went to bed.
• Since he's not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.
• As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend and asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.
• Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.

3.       Menggunakan transition words seperti therefore, consequently.

Contoh:

• Alex failed the test because he didn't study.
• Alex didn't study. Therefore, he failed the test.
• Alex didn't study. Consequently, he failed the test.

Catatan:

Beberapa Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrases dengan cara:

1)      Menghilangkan subjek dari dependent Clause dan verb (be).

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : While I was walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : While walking to class, I ran into an old friend.

2)      Jika dalam Adverb Clause tidak ada be, hilangkanlah subjek dan ubahlah verb dalam Adverb Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.

Contoh:

a.       ADVERB CLAUSE      : Before I left for work, I ate breakfast.

b.       MODIFYING PHRASE : Before leaving for work, I ate breakfast.

Adverb Clause dapat diubah menjadi Modifying Phrase jika subjek dari adverb Clause dan subjek dari main Clause sama.

Contoh:

1. Dapat dirubah

• While I was sitting in class, I fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, I fell asleep.
• While Ann was sitting in class, she fell asleep MENJADI While sitting in class, Ann fell asleep.
• Since Mary came to this country, she has made many friends MENJADI Since coming to this country, Mary has made many friends.

2. Tidak dapat dirubah

• While the teacher was lecturing to the class, I fell asleep.
• While we were walking home, a frog hopped across the road in front of us.

7. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

Adjective Clause

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun. Untuk lebih jelasnya penjelasan mengenai Adjective Clause, perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Contoh:

• I have read the book (that) you just mentioned.
  (Saya telah membaca buku yang baru saja kamu sebutkan tadi)

*) Main Clause: I have read the book.
*) Subordinate Clause: (that) you just mentioned.

Anak kalimat menerangkan kata benda the book, disebut dengan Adjective Clause

• The lesson (that) she is learning is very difficult.
  (Pelajaran yang dia sedang pelajari itu sangat sulit)

*) Main Clause: The lesson is very difficult.
*) Subordinate Clause: (that) she is learning.

Berdasarkan pada the Antecedent yang ditunjuk oleh introductory words (kata-kata pendahulunya), Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

A. Kata Ganti Orang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose

Fungsi :

a) Subjek: Penghubung yang digunakan: who + Aux/Verb

• He paid the money to the man who had done the work.
  (Dia membayar upah laki-laki yang telah mengerjakan pekerjaan itu)

b) Objek Kata Kerja: Penghubung yang digunakan: whom + Subjek

• He paid the man whom he had hired.
  (Dia membayar upah laki-laki yang dia sewa)

c) Objek Kata Depan: Penghubung yang digunakan: Preposition + Whom + Subjek

• He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  (Dia membayar laki-laki yang dia pinjam uang darinya)

d) Kata Ganti Kepunyaan: Penghubung yang digunakan: whose + kata benda

• This is the girl whose picture you saw.
  (Inilah perempuan yang lukisannya kamu lihat tadi)

B. Benda/Binatang

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that

Fungsi:

a) Subjek:

• Here is a book which/that describes animals.
  (Inilah buku yang menggambarkan tentang binatang)

b) Objek Kata Kerja:

• The chair which/that he broke yesterday is now being repaired.
  (Kursi yang dia rusak kemarin sedang diperbaiki sekarang)

c) Objek Kata Depan:

• She was wearing the coat for which she had paid $2,00.
  (Dia sedang memakai jas yang dia beli seharga 2 USD)

2. Relative Adverbs

A. Waktu

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

• This is the year when the Olympic Games are held.
  (Inilah tahun ketika olahraga Olimpiade diselenggarakan)

B. Tempat

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where

• Here is the house where I live.
  (Inilah rumah dimana saya tinggal)

C. Alasan

Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when

• Give me one good reason why you did that.
  (Berikan saya 1 alasan mengapa kamu melakukan itu)

1. Relative Pronoun

Yaitu Adjective Clause dengan memakai kata penghubung Relative Pronoun.

The boy is called Bob. He gave me a present.

• The boy who gave me a present is called Bob. atau
• The boy who is called Bob gave me a present.

Beberapa contoh Adjective Clause lainnya:

• The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.
• The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.
• The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

2. Relative Adverb

Pelajaran tentang ini dibahas lebih lengkap pada Relative Clause. Hal-hal yang perlu ditambahkan di sini, yaitu:

Kata Why (yang menunjukkan alasan) yang menjadi Adverb penghubung, mungkin (kadang-kadang) dapat digantikan dengan that atau kadang-kadang dapat dihilangkan dalam kalimat.

• The reason (that) I came should be obvious to you.
• The reason (why) I came should be obvious to you.
• The reason I came should be obvious to you.

When atau Where dapat diganti dengan Preposition yang menunjukkan tempat (Preposition of Place) ditambah dengan Which.

• The small town in which (= where) I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
• The day on which (= when) they were to leave finally arrived.

Kadang-kadang that dapat menggantikan where atau when.

• The day that (or when, on which) the trial was to take place was a stormy one.
• Please suggest a good place that (or where) we can meet

Beberapa Hal Penting yang Berkaitan dengan Adjective Clause:

Perubahan dari Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

• Adjective Clause dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase yang menjelaskan noun tanpa ada perubahan arti kalimat.
• Hanya Adjective Clause yang mempunyai subjek pronoun: who, which atau that yang dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.
• Adjective Clause dengan subjek: whom tidak dapat dirubah menjadi Adjective Phrase.

Perhatikan Contoh berikut:

a. Adjective Clause

• The girl who is sitting next to me is Lisa.
• The boy who is playing the piano is Bent.

b. Adjective Phrase

• The girl sitting next to me is Lisa.
• The boy playing the piano is Bent.

Cara mengubah Adjective Clause menjadi Adjective Phrase.

• Subjek pronoun dan verb be dihilangkan.
• Adjective Clause: The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.
• Adjective Phrase: The man talking to Taylor is from Japan.
• Adjective Clause: The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
• Adjective Phrase: The ideas presented in that book are interesting.
• Adjective Clause: Ali is the man who is responsible for preparing the budget.
• Adjective Phrase: Ali is the man responsible for preparing the budget.
• Adjective Clause: The books that are on the shelf are mine.
• Adjective Phrase: The books on the shelf are mine.

• Jika tidak ada verb be dalam Adjective Clause, seringkali subjek pronoun dapat dihilangkan dan mengubah kata kerja dalam Clause itu menjadi bentuk -ing.
• Adjective Clause: English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
• Adjective Phrase: English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters.
• Adjective Clause: Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
• Adjective Phrase: Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome.

• Seringkali Adjective Clause digunakan dalam pola: noun + of which. Pola ini terutama digunakan untuk tulisan bahasa Inggris resmi (formal written English). Dalam pola ini biasanya Adjective Clause menerangkan "sesuatu".
• We have an antique table. The top of it has jade inlay.
• We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
• We toured a 300-year-old house. The exterior of the house consisted of logs cemented with clay.
• We toured a 300-year-old house, the exterior of which consisted of logs cemented with lay.

• Adjective Clause sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kuantitas dengan of. Ungkapan kuantitas mendahului pronoun, dan hanya whom, which, dan whose yang digunakan dalam pola ini.
  
  Ungkapan kuantitas dengan "of" antara lain: some of, none of, both of, one of, many of, two of, all of, each of, most of, dll.
  
  * There are 20 students in my class. Most of them are from the Outside Java.
  --> There are 20 students in my class, most of whom are from the Outside Java.
  
  * He gave several reasons. Only a few of them were valid.
  --> He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.

• Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses
  
  Pedoman umum dalam Tanda Baca pada Adjective Clauses yaitu:
• Jangan menggunakan tanda koma bila Adjective Clause diperlukan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
• Gunakanlah tanda koma bila Adjective Clause hanya berfungsi untuk memberi informasi tambahan dan tidak dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi noun yang dijelaskan olehnya.
• Henry whose wife works at a bank came to my house yesterday.
• Alex, whose wife works at a bank, came to my house yesterday.

Keterangan:

Contoh pertama menggambarkan bahwa Henry memiliki lebih dari 1 istri. Pada kalimat tersebut pembicara ingin mengindentifikasikan istrinya yang bekerja di Bank, bukan yang lainnya.

Sedangkan pada kalimat kedua, kita sudah jelas, kalau Alex memiliki hanya 1 orang istri. Frase yang berada di antara koma hanya memberikan keterangan tambahan saja. Tanpa frase tersebut pun orang lain sudah mengetahuinya kalau istrinya Alex memang bekerja di sebuah Bank karena memang istrinya cuma 1 itu.

Perhatikan contoh berikut ini untuk lebih jelasnya dalam penggunaan tanda koma dalam Adjective Clause.

• Soekarno, who is the first President of Republic of Indonesia, could deliver speech well.

Perbedaan antara Adjective Clause dan Noun Clause

Karena adanya kesamaan dalam beberapa kata pendahulunya, maka kadang-kadang antara Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause sering membingungkan.

Ada 2 macam perbedaan yang penting antara dua jenis Clause tersebut: perhatikan contoh berikut ini:

• Adjective Clause biasanya didahului oleh noun atau pronoun yang diterangkan.
  
  Adjective Clause
• I know the house where he lives. => (where he lives mempunyai antecedent the house, yang merupakan objek dari kata know)

Noun Clause

• I know where he lives. => (where he lives adalah objek dari kata know)

Preposisi yang mendahului introductory word adalah milik Adjective Clause dan bukan milik Noun Clause.

Adjective Clause

• The woman to whom he has been giving money is a poor relative of his.
  (Perempuan yang dia berikan uang itu adalah keluarganya yang miskin)

Adjective Clause dimulai dengan to yang merupakan bentuk a prepositional phrase dengan whom dalam Adjective Clause itu. Dan To dapat diletakkan di bagian belakang Adjective Clause. The woman, whom he has been giving money to, is a poor relative of his).

Noun Clause

• He gives money to whoever needs it.
  (Dia memberikan uang kepada siapa saja yang membutuhkannya)

(The Noun Clause dimulai dengan whoever, seluruh Noun Clause itu adalah objek dari to, yang tidak dapat dipindah letaknya. Dan juga -ever- merupakan bentuk yang hanya bergandeng (mengikuti) dengan Noun Clause).